NUNZIUM

The rising demand for greener jet fuel has led to the increased use of animal fats as an alternative to fossil fuels. However, a new study warns of potential unintended environmental consequences. The demand for fuel derived from animal by-products is expected to triple by 2030, but there may not be enough animal fat to meet this growing need. This scarcity could force other industries to rely more on palm oil, a major generator of carbon emissions.

Since 2006, the use of animal fat-based fuel in Europe has grown fortyfold, driven by UK and EU governments promoting waste materials for greener aviation. The UK aims for 10% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) by 2030, while the EU targets 6%. However, due to sustainability concerns, the UK is considering limiting the use of animal fats and used cooking oil in aviation. This increased competition for animal fats may force industries like pet food manufacturing to seek alternative ingredients.

Transport accounts for 27% of Europe's greenhouse gas emissions, with cars contributing 12% of all emissions. Road freight emissions from trucks and vans are increasing, and aviation is the most climate-intensive transport mode. Shipping is responsible for over a tenth of transport CO2 emissions and is a significant source of air pollution. As 94% of transport's energy comes from oil, sustainable finance is crucial for decarbonizing the economy.

Addressing air quality issues requires well-enforced air pollution legislation and transforming urban mobility to tackle climate change. Rail is one of the greenest transport modes, and a higher share of rail journeys is necessary for decarbonization. Climate tools, such as cross-sector measures and agreements, can aid this transition.

Transport & Environment, Europe's leading clean transport campaign group, has expressed concerns over the climate impacts and potential fraud related to the growing demand for animal fats biofuels. Major airlines have deals with oil suppliers for SAF, which often include animal fats. A study on using purified animal fat as an additive in diesel fuel found that a blend ratio of up to 40% in standard diesel performs well for target engines, making it technically feasible and economically attractive while reducing the fuel's carbon balance.

The food industry generates fatty effluents, which are mostly eliminated in water treatment plants. Animal fats consist of triglycerides, proteins, water, and minerals. Fatty waste is classified based on its free fatty acid (FFA) content: 'yellow grease' (<15%) or 'brown grease' (>15%). Fatty waste is a cheaper source than vegetable oil, making it a potential feedstock for biofuel. Biodiesel is considered a possible substitute for standard diesel fuel, and heterogeneous catalysis offers a low-cost alternative for biodiesel fuel production.

In conclusion, while animal fats provide a promising alternative for greener jet fuel, the potential environmental impacts must be carefully considered. The increasing demand for animal fat-based fuel may lead to unintended consequences, such as increased reliance on palm oil and competition for resources among industries. As we pursue a greener future in transportation, it is essential to evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of various fuel sources, ensuring that our efforts to combat climate change do not inadvertently harm the environment.