NUNZIUM

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders experienced worldwide, with an average lifetime prevalence of 11–15%. The occurrence of depression has doubled and, in some countries, even tripled during the COVID-19 pandemic. The causes of depression are still not fully understood. However, there are pieces of evidence showing that various factors are involved, such as genetics, changes to neurotransmitter levels in the brain, environmental factors, exposure to trauma, and psychological and social factors. A recent study published in Nature Communications shows that gut microbiota - the complex of microorganisms inhabiting the human gut - plays a role in depression. Scientists investigated the relationship between the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota with symptoms of depression. They examined data from 1,133 participants, and they made sure to control for lifestyle factors and medication use. For example, they only included individuals who were not taking antidepressants. The research team has identified 13 types of bacteria associated with depression. These bacteria are known to be involved in the metabolism of critical molecules, including glutamate and butyrate, which are neurotransmitters linked to depression. Such a study may pave the way for novel treatments for depression. Since lifestyle factors primarily determine gut microbiota, diet in particular, once causality is established, the therapy would be the modification of diet or use of probiotics.