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18/08/2023 ---- 24/08/2023

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24.08.2023
THEME: TECHNOLOGY

India's Chandrayaan-3 Lunar Landing Triumphs as Russia's Luna-25 Stumbles

As the global attention shifts towards space exploration, India's lunar mission, Chandrayaan-3, has notably outshined Russia's Luna-25. India has become the fourth nation to land a spacecraft on the moon, following the United States, the former Soviet Union, and China. Remarkably, India is also the pioneer in landing a spacecraft on the lunar south pole, a region rich in scientific interest due to its mineral wealth and water presence.

Founded in 1969, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been progressively advancing its space program. Initially aiming at designing and launching satellites for practical uses such as weather forecasting, flood mitigation, and telecommunications enhancement, ISRO has now achieved a significant milestone with the successful landing of Chandrayaan-3. The landing site, a relatively flat part of the Moon's surface, was captured by the lander's camera, marking a historic moment in India's space exploration journey.

The $75 million Chandrayaan-3 mission, costing less than half of Russia’s Luna-25, has received international acclaim. Figures like Russian President Vladimir Putin and Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov have lauded India's achievement. The rover, Pragyaan, will gather crucial data and images from the landing site, providing tangible evidence for remote measurements and substantiating the existence of water on the Moon.

In contrast, Russia's Luna-25 mission, its first lunar mission in decades, ended in failure after the spacecraft crashed into the moon's surface. The crash followed an interruption in communication with the spacecraft, as reported by Russia's space agency, Roscosmos. The reason for the crash remains unclear with a specially formed commission set to investigate. The Luna-25 mission, launched on August 10 from the Vostochny Cosmodrome in Russia's Amur Oblast, aimed to study the moon's soil composition and the thin lunar exosphere for a year. Its failure is a significant setback for Russia's space program, which has been facing issues for decades.

The successful landing of Chandrayaan-3, juxtaposed with Luna-25's failure, marks a significant turn in the race between India and Russia to land on the moon's south pole. This achievement boosts India's confidence for potential missions to Mars and Venus. ISRO plans to launch a mission to study the sun in September and is preparing for a human space flight in 2024. The exploration of the south pole will contribute to a deeper understanding of lunar geology, particularly the presence of water ice on the moon.

The Chandrayaan-3's success was celebrated across India with firecrackers, dancing, and prayers at various places of worship. The event garnered widespread attention, with nearly 7 million people tuning in to the YouTube live stream. This success in space exploration is a testament to India's scientific and technological progress. As India's space program continues to flourish, the world eagerly awaits the findings of the Chandrayaan-3 mission and future Indian space explorations.

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23.08.2023
THEME: WORLD

The 15th BRICS Summit: A New Course for the Global South

The 15th BRICS Summit, an important convocation of leaders from Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, convened in Johannesburg, South Africa, from August 22 to 24. This was the first in-person assembly since the Covid-19 pandemic began. Distinguished attendees included Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa, Brazilian President Lula da Silva, and Chinese President Xi Jinping. Russia was represented by Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, with President Vladimir Putin participating virtually. The summit also welcomed over 50 leaders from various nations.

The BRICS group, a rising power representing the interests of developing countries, holds a significant capacity to shape global geopolitical and economic affairs. Despite accounting for 40% of the global population and a quarter of the world's GDP, the bloc has grappled with internal discord and a lack of unified vision. The recent summit aimed to tackle these issues and delineate a fresh path for the bloc's future.

A key topic of discussion was the potential expansion of the BRICS bloc. Over 40 countries, including Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Egypt, have expressed interest in joining, reflecting the bloc's perceived role as a counterbalance to Western dominance in international organizations like the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank.

The summit also addressed the economic trials faced by BRICS nations. PM Modi underscored India's economic ascent, citing its status as the world's fastest-growing major economy with a projected rise to a 5 trillion dollar economy. South African President Ramaphosa advocated for a fundamental reform of global financial institutions. Conversely, some BRICS nations, including China, are experiencing economic slowdowns, and Russia is grappling with isolation due to the Ukraine conflict.

The summit explored strategies to decrease reliance on the US dollar and to expand the group. Countries under sanctions, such as Iran and Venezuela, have shown interest in joining BRICS to lessen their isolation and rejuvenate their economies. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates view BRICS as a vehicle to enhance their influence in global bodies. African nations like Ethiopia and Nigeria are attracted to BRICS due to its commitment to UN reforms that would amplify Africa's voice. Argentina, seeking a reconfiguration of international financial structures, has also shown interest in joining.

However, the bloc's tangible achievements, like the New Development Bank, have been hindered by slowed lending due to sanctions against Russia. While South Africa's trade with BRICS nations has grown since it joined the bloc, the increase is primarily due to imports from China. The bloc accounts for only a fifth of South Africa's total trade, with its trade deficit with BRICS partners escalating to $14.9 billion last year, a four-fold increase from 2010.

In conclusion, the 15th BRICS Summit has charted a new trajectory for the bloc's future. The summit's focus on expanding membership, reforming global financial institutions, and reducing dependence on the US dollar has reshaped BRICS's role in the global economy. As the Global South continues to ascend and gain influence, the decisions and actions of the BRICS nations will play a pivotal role in shaping the global economic landscape.

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18.08.2023
THEME: ENVIRONMENT

Wallacea's Biodiversity in Peril: A Crucial Turning Point Approaching Alfred Russel Wallace's Bicentennial

Nestled within Indonesia's boundaries is Wallacea, a unique region of approximately 338,000 square kilometers named after British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace. Home to the world's most diverse and distinctive species like the Komodo dragon and the purple-bearded bee-eater, this region is a living testament to Earth's evolutionary history. However, as we approach Wallace's 200th birth anniversary in 2023, Wallacea's rich biodiversity faces significant threats from human activities.

Over the past forty years, Wallacea's lush ecosystems, from its verdant forests to its vibrant reefs, have been under increasing pressure from mining, agriculture, and infrastructure development. Between 2000 and 2017, Sulawesi, one of the region's primary islands, lost approximately 10.89% of its forests, equivalent to an alarming 2.07 million hectares. West Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi were the most affected, with forest cover losses of 13.41% and 13.37% respectively.

This deforestation is largely attributed to companies clearing land for palm oil, cocoa, and chocolate plantations, particularly over the last decade. Furthermore, the region's soil houses the world's largest nickel reserve, a crucial element in electric vehicle batteries, exacerbating the deforestation issue due to mining activities.

However, the damage extends beyond terrestrial ecosystems. Wallacea's reefs, globally renowned for their diversity and beauty, have experienced severe damage from overfishing and destructive practices. These reefs not only attract tourists but also play a crucial role in the local economy, making their degradation a significant concern for local communities.

The region's avian and primate populations are also in decline due to deforestation, with bird species diversity dwindling and monkey and tarsier populations nearing extinction. Despite the grim scenario, hope persists.

In mid-August 2023, the Wallacea Science Symposium is set to occur in Makassar, South Sulawesi Province. This event aims to spotlight the region's distinctiveness and foster strategic planning for sustainable development. It calls upon various stakeholders, including the Indonesian government, scientists, mining and plantation companies, tourism industries, and local communities, to collaborate for Wallacea's future.

However, the responsibility extends beyond these stakeholders. Everyone can contribute to conservation efforts - from donating to organizations working to protect the region, reducing our carbon footprints through renewable energy and reduced fossil fuel use, to supporting sustainable tourism.

As we approach the bicentennial of Alfred Russel Wallace, the naturalist who illuminated Wallacea's unique biodiversity to the world, it's crucial to remember that our efforts are not only about preserving the past. They are centered on ensuring a future where Wallacea's unique species continue to thrive, and a rich, diverse, and vibrant Wallacea can be passed on to future generations.

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18.08.2023
THEME: TECHNOLOGY

Historic Breakthrough in Xenotransplantation: Human Body Successfully Hosts Pig Kidney for Over a Month

A significant leap forward in xenotransplantation has been made by surgeons at the New York University Langone Transplant Institute in the United States. For the first time ever, a pig kidney has been successfully transplanted into a human body and functioned normally for over a month. This medical milestone represents the longest a pig kidney has ever functioned in a human body.

The unique opportunity for this revolutionary procedure was presented when the family of Maurice "Mo" Miller, a 57-year-old man who passed away suddenly, generously donated his body for scientific use. The pig kidney used in the transplant was genetically modified to eliminate a gene that produces biomolecules usually attacked and rejected by the human immune system. This innovative approach has addressed the long-standing issue of immune system rejection in xenotransplantation, the process of transplanting organs from animals to humans.

This medical breakthrough brings hope to the over 103,000 people in the US currently awaiting organ transplants, of which 88,000 are in need of kidneys. Thousands lose their lives each year while on the waiting list, and the successful use of genetically modified pig organs could significantly decrease this number. The potential of xenotransplantation is such that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is considering permitting small, selective studies of pig heart and kidney transplants in volunteer patients.

This achievement follows a similar success by the University of Alabama at Birmingham, which reported a successful transplantation of a pair of pig kidneys into a donated body, functioning without issue for seven days. However, challenges and uncertainties remain in the field of xenotransplantation. Last year, a gene-edited pig heart transplant performed by surgeons at the University of Maryland resulted in the recipient surviving only two months before the organ failed. The reactions of a live patient to a pig organ and the longevity of such experiments remain unclear and reliant on the stability of the donated body.

The successful operation involved doctors Adam Griesemer and Jeffrey Stern traveling hundreds of miles to retrieve kidneys from genetically modified pigs housed by Revivicor Inc., a Virginia-based company. The pig's thymus was attached to the transplanted kidney to increase human tolerance of the organ, and the team used standard immune-suppressing drugs employed in current transplant procedures.

In conclusion, xenotransplantation stands on the threshold of a new era. The successful transplantation of a pig kidney into a human body, functioning for over a month, is a beacon of hope for those awaiting organ transplants. As the potential to save lives using animal organs becomes more tangible, a new wave of optimism washes over the medical community and beyond.

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