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11/01/2023 ---- 17/01/2023

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17.01.2023
THEME: WORLD

In Peru' there are escalating and violent protests against the government

The year 2023 started with a certain political turmoil in South America. The transition of power in Brazil was far from smooth, with ex-president Bolsonaro's supporters trying to overthrow the new government of Lula - who won the elections in October 2022. A different but equally problematic process is now ongoing in Peru', where violent protests erupted in late 2022 and escalated these days into large manifestations against the government.

Protests began after Congress removed President Pedro Castillo on December 7, who was arrested and sentenced to 18 months of pre-trial detention on rebellion charges. Voters elected Castillo from a crowded field of candidates in 2021, following years of political crises and during a pandemic that hit Peru harder than most countries. He is a former teacher and union leader who had never held elected office before becoming president. He came from rural Peru and positioned himself as a man of the people. Many of his supporters hail from poorer regions, hoping Castillo would bring better prospects to the country's rural and indigenous people. Castillo's supporters had high hopes he could bring better representation to the poor, standing up to elites. Once in office, however, his support tumbled amid corruption scandals, party infighting, and congressional opposition. Castillo struggled to govern, naming five prime ministers and more than 80 ministers during his short presidency. Once embroiled in multiple corruption investigations, he tried to illegally dissolve Congress ahead of a planned impeachment vote. He was impeached and removed from office and is currently accused of crimes of rebellion and conspiracy, which he has denied. Still, Castillo retained supporters, who see him as a victim of political elites and a widely unpopular and corrupt Congress. After his removal, the vice president, Dina Boluarte, ascended to the job as Peru's sixth president in five years.

His supporters started manifesting days after his removal, demanding his release in what some have described as a "national insurgency". Airports and highways became the site of some clashes, and hundreds of foreign tourists were stranded in the country. As a result, in December, a state of emergency was imposed by Boluarte's government, suspending several constitutional rights, such as freedom of movement and assembly. Troops were deployed on the streets. To date, dozens have died in clashes with security forces. The authorities are using firearms, justifying the use of force with the alleged protesters' use of improvised explosives and weapons. The government is now extending this emergency state for the next month. Several top ministers have resigned since protests began. The former Minister of Labor, Eduardo García Birmisa, resigned on Thursday, calling Peru's president to apologize and hold general elections, according to the letter on his Twitter account. Former Minister of Interior Victor Rojas Herrera and Minister of Women and Vulnerable Populations Grecia Rojas Ortiz resigned the following day. Despite mounting political pressure, Boluarte has said she has no intentions of leaving office. In the meantime, Lima was braced for new rallies this week as thousands of demonstrators mobilized Monday towards the capital. More significant protests are now foreseen in the capital Lima in the next few days.

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14.01.2023
THEME: HEALTH

Early diagnosis of gestational diabetes can be based on gut microbes

Gut microbiota is the collection of bacteria, viruses and fungi in the human digestive tract. The gut microbiota has broad impacts, including protection against pathogens, maintaining the intestinal epithelium, metabolizing dietary and pharmaceutical compounds, and controlling immune function and behaviour. The microbial composition of the gut microbiota varies across regions of the digestive tract. The colon contains the highest microbes density recorded in any habitat on Earth, representing between 300 and 1000 different species. Bacteria are the largest and, to date, the best-studied component - 99% of gut bacteria - is made of about 30 to 40 species. The relationship between gut microbiota and humans is not merely a non-harmful coexistence but rather a mutualism. Some human gut microorganisms benefit the host by fermenting dietary fibres and also play a role in synthesizing vitamin B and vitamin K and metabolizing bile acids, sterols and synthetic chemicals. Dysregulation of the gut microbiota has been linked with several diseases, such as asthma, bowel inflammatory disease, autoimmune diseases and even depression. Recently, a study has established a strong link with a dangerous but common type of diabetes.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is when women without diabetes are diagnosed with glucose intolerance during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. Approximately 10% of pregnant women worldwide are diagnosed with GDM. Risk factors include increased maternal age, obesity, family history of diabetes and history of giving birth to large infants. Consequences of GDM have a wide range of complications for both the mother (e.g., pre-eclampsia, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases) and the neonate (e.g., macrosomia and hypo-glycaemia). Many complications are preventable if GDM is detected and appropriately managed. Reasonable control is achieved by nutrition, exercise and insulin administration - if necessary - along with heightened monitoring during labour and delivery. However, an earlier detection (for example, during the first trimester) may allow for an anticipated action, possibly reducing GDM-associated short and long-term risks.

A study published in the scientific journal Gut shows that gut microbiota plays a role in GDM pathogenesis. In particular, scientists profiled the gut microbiota and clinical records of 394 women during the first trimester of pregnancy. They found alterations in the gut microbiota composition in women who later developed GMD. This study could provide relevant insights to prevent the development of GDM. Recognition of women at high risk of GDM at an early stage of pregnancy may allow specific recommendations for the prevention of the disease simply by lifestyle modification and, in the future, by specific intervention to equilibrate the gut microbiota.

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11.01.2023
THEME: ENVIRONMENT

The loss of pollinating insects is causing serious consequences on human health

Animal pollination supports the agricultural production of many healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes, which provide vital nutrients and protect against several diseases. Today, most crops need more pollination because of the limited abundance and diversity of insects.

A study published in Environmental Health Perspectives assessed dozens of pollinator-dependent crops using data from hundreds of farms worldwide. The data was used to determine the drop in yield due to the reduced populations of pollinating insects. The research team estimated that the world is currently losing 4.7% of total fruit production, 3.2% of vegetables, and 4.7% of nuts. Such loss of production leads to an estimated 427'000 deaths annually from lost healthy food consumption and associated diseases, including stroke, diabetes, and cancer. Wild pollinators are under growing threat for many reasons. Pervasive land-use changes are fracturing, shrinking, and degrading suitable habitats for pollinators worldwide, reducing available areas for nesting and limiting pollinators' ability to migrate. Furthermore, reductions in wild lands and the dominance of large farms growing monocultures have shrunk the diversity of flowering plants and, thereby, the flowering duration, causing nutritional stress. Intensive farming techniques, such as frequent tilling, disturb and destroy nesting sites and disrupt wild plant communities on farms. The ongoing use of pesticides, such as neonicotinoids, has inflicted lethal and sublethal harm to bees.

In addition, the overarching impact of climate change is causing a host of harmful effects. It drives pollinators out of their historical range to find suitable new environmental conditions, causing novel predators, competitors, and pathogens to invade new environments. Whenever their number is measured, pollinating insects decrease in number and diversity. This trend is now understood to be causing severe consequences for the environment and human health.

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