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14.01.2023
THEME: HEALTH

Early diagnosis of gestational diabetes can be based on gut microbes

Gut microbiota is the collection of bacteria, viruses and fungi in the human digestive tract. The gut microbiota has broad impacts, including protection against pathogens, maintaining the intestinal epithelium, metabolizing dietary and pharmaceutical compounds, and controlling immune function and behaviour. The microbial composition of the gut microbiota varies across regions of the digestive tract. The colon contains the highest microbes density recorded in any habitat on Earth, representing between 300 and 1000 different species. Bacteria are the largest and, to date, the best-studied component - 99% of gut bacteria - is made of about 30 to 40 species. The relationship between gut microbiota and humans is not merely a non-harmful coexistence but rather a mutualism. Some human gut microorganisms benefit the host by fermenting dietary fibres and also play a role in synthesizing vitamin B and vitamin K and metabolizing bile acids, sterols and synthetic chemicals. Dysregulation of the gut microbiota has been linked with several diseases, such as asthma, bowel inflammatory disease, autoimmune diseases and even depression. Recently, a study has established a strong link with a dangerous but common type of diabetes.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is when women without diabetes are diagnosed with glucose intolerance during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. Approximately 10% of pregnant women worldwide are diagnosed with GDM. Risk factors include increased maternal age, obesity, family history of diabetes and history of giving birth to large infants. Consequences of GDM have a wide range of complications for both the mother (e.g., pre-eclampsia, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases) and the neonate (e.g., macrosomia and hypo-glycaemia). Many complications are preventable if GDM is detected and appropriately managed. Reasonable control is achieved by nutrition, exercise and insulin administration - if necessary - along with heightened monitoring during labour and delivery. However, an earlier detection (for example, during the first trimester) may allow for an anticipated action, possibly reducing GDM-associated short and long-term risks.

A study published in the scientific journal Gut shows that gut microbiota plays a role in GDM pathogenesis. In particular, scientists profiled the gut microbiota and clinical records of 394 women during the first trimester of pregnancy. They found alterations in the gut microbiota composition in women who later developed GMD. This study could provide relevant insights to prevent the development of GDM. Recognition of women at high risk of GDM at an early stage of pregnancy may allow specific recommendations for the prevention of the disease simply by lifestyle modification and, in the future, by specific intervention to equilibrate the gut microbiota.

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11.01.2023
THEME: ENVIRONMENT

The loss of pollinating insects is causing serious consequences on human health

Animal pollination supports the agricultural production of many healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes, which provide vital nutrients and protect against several diseases. Today, most crops need more pollination because of the limited abundance and diversity of insects.

A study published in Environmental Health Perspectives assessed dozens of pollinator-dependent crops using data from hundreds of farms worldwide. The data was used to determine the drop in yield due to the reduced populations of pollinating insects. The research team estimated that the world is currently losing 4.7% of total fruit production, 3.2% of vegetables, and 4.7% of nuts. Such loss of production leads to an estimated 427'000 deaths annually from lost healthy food consumption and associated diseases, including stroke, diabetes, and cancer. Wild pollinators are under growing threat for many reasons. Pervasive land-use changes are fracturing, shrinking, and degrading suitable habitats for pollinators worldwide, reducing available areas for nesting and limiting pollinators' ability to migrate. Furthermore, reductions in wild lands and the dominance of large farms growing monocultures have shrunk the diversity of flowering plants and, thereby, the flowering duration, causing nutritional stress. Intensive farming techniques, such as frequent tilling, disturb and destroy nesting sites and disrupt wild plant communities on farms. The ongoing use of pesticides, such as neonicotinoids, has inflicted lethal and sublethal harm to bees.

In addition, the overarching impact of climate change is causing a host of harmful effects. It drives pollinators out of their historical range to find suitable new environmental conditions, causing novel predators, competitors, and pathogens to invade new environments. Whenever their number is measured, pollinating insects decrease in number and diversity. This trend is now understood to be causing severe consequences for the environment and human health.

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10.01.2023
THEME: POLITICS

Thousands arrested in Brazil as violent riots attempted to overthrow Lula's government

On October 30, more than 156 million Brazilians were called to elect the new president. The elections, which saw two candidates - Lula and Bolsonaro - radically opposite in almost every aspect of their politics, were characterized by an extreme climate of violence. In such a controversial climate, the Brazilians chose Lula - who was elected president with 50.9% of the total valid votes. Since then, however, Bolsonaro made clear that he would not readily accept a defeat. Until today he never explicitly accepted the results of the elections. During vote counting, Bolsonaro had cast doubts on the trustworthiness of Brazil's electronic voting system. After the elections, movements of supporters of former president Bolsonaro organized manifestations that included violent practices, such as blocking highways using burning vehicles. In the last week, these tensions catalyzed violent riots in Brasilia, Brazil's capital.

A supporter of Bolsonaro - George Washington de Oliveira Sousa - was arrested on December 26, a few days before Lula's inauguration as the new president, accused of placing explosive devices targeting the airport. Later, during interrogation, he admitted that his actions were part of a plan to trigger a large-scale intervention of the armed forces in the capital. Mr Bolsonaro flew to the US before the presidential handover ceremony on January 1, which he did not attend. In the meantime, his supporters organized a gathering in the capital through social networks. Last Sunday, January 8, hundreds of rioters broke through the police barriers. They stormed the Congress, the Supreme Court, and the Presidential Palace, deliberately devastating these key institutional symbols. President Lula has declared a federal intervention, with thousands of troops on standby in Brasilia. After hours of chaos, Brazilian police have retaken control of the stormed premises. The count of arrested amounts to above 1'500 people and growing.

On Monday evening, president Lula visited the damaged buildings of Congress, the Presidential Palace and the Supreme Court with the country's governors, condemning the "terrorist acts" and vowing to punish the perpetrators. The reactions from world leaders have been unanimous in condemning these acts of violence. A spontaneous response also came from the population. On Monday, street rallies were held in many cities and towns to support the institutions. Thousands could be heard singing and chanting for justice. As authorities in Brazil launched an investigation into the incidents to identify the responsible, more attention was drawn to Bolsonaro. On Monday, he was admitted to a Florida hospital with abdominal pain. From the US, Bolsonaro condemned the "pillaging and invasion of public buildings" and denied responsibility for encouraging the rioters in a post on Twitter some six hours after violence broke out. He rejected what he defined as Lula's "baseless" accusations that he had incited the unrest.

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