NUNZIUM

News That Matters

08/11/2022 ---- 19/11/2022

PAST MONHT

month -1

HOMEPAGE

go_today

NEXT MONTH

month +1
19.11.2022
THEME: HEALTH

Proteins responsible for Parkinson's may originate in the gut

Trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, inhabit our bodies. Even though they colonize all of our body surfaces, such as skin, lungs, mouth, genital and urinary tract, the majority of them camp out in our gut. We refer to these microorganisms as gut microbiota. Several pieces of evidence show that the gut microbiota influences various processes of our body inside and outside the intestine. For example, they help digestion, protect against pathogens, make vitamins, influence the function of our immune system and maintain a balance between health and disease. A recent study support changes in the composition of the gut microbiota as a potential contributor to Parkinson’s. Parkinson’s is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of neurons in the brain due to a misfolding and clumping of the alpha-synuclein protein. Such toxic aggregates promote damage to specialized neurons, also called dopaminergic neurons, therefore, triggering disease symptoms such as tremors, slow movements, rigid muscles, impaired balance and loss of automatics movements. Studies in mice suggest that alpha-synuclein clumps can form in the neurons located in the gut’s mucosal layer and spread in the brain, causing changes in dopaminergic neurons and eventually causing Parkinson’s. Further studies are needed to understand whether this evidence can be translated into humans. Overall, it is important to say that many factors, including genetics, the use of antibiotics, environment, lifestyle, and diet, can influence the composition of the gut microbiota and, therefore, the susceptibility to diseases. As more and more evidence suggests that gut microbiota is an important regulator for human health, controlling it may be one of the next frontiers in medicine.

READ MORE
17.11.2022
THEME: WORLD

What was discussed at the 2022 G20 in Bali?

The G20 summit 2022, held in Bali (Indonesia), was the first in-person meeting seeing the leaders of the most important nations reunited after the Covid-19 pandemic. It has been followed in the news mostly with reports of how it was affected by the escalating Ukraine crisis after the intervention of President Volodymyr Zelensky on November 15 and the subsequent attacks by Russia (see November 16). However, the 20 delegations at the meeting discussed many more topics and achieved a mutual understanding that poses common ground for the future of international relations and economy. It happens at a time of unprecedented multidimensional crises: the devastation brought by the Covid-19 pandemic and other challenges, including climate change, have caused an economic downturn, increased poverty, slowed global recovery, and hindered the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. On the Ukraine crisis, most G20 members strongly condemn the hostilities. All members agree that the use of nuclear weapons is inadmissible. Even more concerning is the global food crisis, exacerbated by the ongoing conflicts, on which there is a mindset for coordinated action to ensure accessibility to food for those in need. On this matter, it is mentioned appreciation for Turkey, which favoured the Istanbul Agreements in July 2022, allowing for grain trade over the Black Sea. The issue of volatile energy pricing is recognized, and the commitment to invest in clean, sustainable energy technology is reiterated. In the context of strengthening international efforts to reach the goals of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement, as well as implementing the COP26 commitments, the G20 policy includes a full range of fiscal and regulatory mechanisms. The commitment to tackle global challenges such as climate change and environmental protection, including biodiversity loss, is reiterated. It also recalled and reaffirmed the promise made by developed countries to the goal of mobilizing jointly USD 100 billion in climate finance per year by 2020 and annually through 2025 to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions. The G20 also discussed how to support developing countries and which mechanisms should be applied to their contracted debts - the nations concerned are Chad, Zambia, and Ethiopia. It is mentioned that the potential benefits and risks to global financial stability arising from the rapid development of technological innovations in the financial sector - including cyber threats and the potential for regulatory gaps and arbitrage posed by crypto-asset markets - will be monitored addressed.

READ MORE
16.11.2022
THEME: TECHNOLOGY

NASA historic Artemis mission was successfully launched

Almost 50 years after the last Apollo mission ventured to the lunar surface, NASA has successfully started the Artemis program, which has the ultimate goal of establishing a long-term presence on the Moon’s surface. On November 16 Artemis I left the ground successfully at 6:47 UTC and started its journey to the “dark side” of the moon. Due to fuel leakage, this launch was postponed from the original date of August 29. Towards the same objective, the Chinese Space program also achieved significant advancements by assembling the Mengtian lab module and completing the country’s first space station on November 3. After the discovery in 2009 of Lunar pits and caves that could provide Earth-like temperatures - about 17 degrees Celsius, 63 Fahrenheit - long-term permanence on the Moon’s surface may not be too far away. These pit craters, and the caves to which they may potentially lead, would make safer, more thermally stable base camps for lunar exploration and long-term habitation than the rest of the Moon’s surface, which heats up to 260 degrees (126.6 Celsius) during the day and drops to 280 degrees below zero at night (-173.3 Celsius). On September 10 samples retrieved by China’s Chang’e-5 mission revealed high water content in lunar minerals, which would offer the world direct evidence for the existence of water on the Moon. Successive missions will further explore the moon's surface to identify a site for International Lunar Research Station. A competition, the one between US and China, much reminds the past Cold War which brought the first man to the moon.

READ MORE
16.11.2022
THEME: WORLD

Ukraine crisis: after Russia retreats from Kherson, NATO leaders at G20 are forced to meet in an emergency as two missiles hit Poland

On November 11 Russian troops withdrew from the right bank of the Dnipro River in a major military defeat for the Kremlin that led to scenes of jubilation in the port city of Kherson, the only Ukrainian regional capital Russia succeeded in occupying in almost nine months of bitter fighting.  While there were few details of exactly how the Russian Armed Forces carried out their rapid pullback, the military retreat appeared to have been prepared well in advance of the official announcement of the withdrawal. President Vladimir Putin has not publicly commented on the retreat. His spokesperson Dmitry Peskov told reporters that Kherson was still Russian territory as a result of Moscow’s annexation of four regions of Ukraine in September. On November 14 President Volodymyr Zelensky made an unannounced visit to Kherson, then he called a liberated city. He said that Ukraine is ready for peace, but peace for all of its territories. "We respect international law and the sovereignty of every state, and now we are talking about the sovereignty of our state. That is why we are fighting against Russian aggression," Zelensky said. "We are not interested in the territory of other countries. We are only interested in the de-occupation of our country and our territories." Western media earlier reported that the West may be trying to push Kyiv to negotiate with Moscow. According to the Wall Street Journal, senior U.S. and EU officials are divided on the need to push Ukraine into peace talks, however, they believe that an opportunity for negotiations may appear in the coming weeks or months. This event was presented by all international media as “the beginning of peace”. On the same day, November 14 the United Nations General Assembly called for Russia to be held accountable for its conduct in Ukraine, voting to approve a resolution recognizing that Russia must be responsible for making reparations to the country. The resolution was supported by 94 of the assembly's 193 members. It recommends that member states, in cooperation with Ukraine, create an international register to record evidence and claims against Russia. General Assembly resolutions are nonbinding, but they carry political weight. Russia's U.N. Ambassador Vassily Nebenzia told the General Assembly before the vote that the provisions of the resolution are "legally null and void" as he urged countries to vote against it. Fourteen countries voted against the resolution, including Russia, China, and Iran, while 73 abstained, including Brazil, India, and South Africa. Not all member states voted. These votes saw more division than the one where the annexation of the regions of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia was condemned. On that occasion 143 Member States voted in favor, with five voting against, and 35 abstentions. The countries who voted against were Belarus, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Nicaragua, Russia, and Syria. A majority of those countries abstaining were African nations, alongside China and India. With these premises on November 15 started the G20 summit in Bali, where part of the discussion concerned the Ukraine crisis. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy was invited to speak and presented a plan for peace in ten points which included energy security, the release of prisoners, the withdrawal of Russian troops, and cessation of hostilities. Russian President Vladimir Putin did not attend the event, sending his foreign minister Sergei Lavrov instead. Zelenskyy mocked Putin's absence in his speech, repeatedly addressing the leaders as the "G19." Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov told reporters following his attendance that Russia is not refusing to negotiate with Ukraine, it is the Kyiv regime who is doing so. "We have repeatedly confirmed through our president that we do not refuse to negotiate. If anyone is refusing to negotiate, it is Ukraine. The longer the Kyiv regime continues to refuse, the harder it will be to reach an agreement," he clarified. In the night between November 15 and 16 tensions further escalated: more than 100 missiles hit Ukraine, with Kyiv being the major target. Moreover, two explosions by Russian-made missiles have reached the small village of Przewodów in Poland, right at the border with Ukraine, making two dead. Poland, a member of NATO, raised its army's readiness level after an urgent meeting of the government committee for national security and defense affairs. While the Russian Defense Ministry has called reports of Russian missiles landing in Poland a “deliberate provocation,” denying that there were strikes made on targets near the Ukrainian-Polish state border, Hungarian and Latvian Prime Ministers also called emergency government meetings. US President Joe Biden and leaders from the G7 and NATO are in an emergency roundtable in Bali. The meeting includes Biden and leaders from Canada, the European Union, Spain, Italy, France, Germany, Netherlands, and Japan, the officials said.

READ MORE
15.11.2022
THEME: ENVIRONMENT

Climate change in Fiji means dozens of villages could be soon underwater: a relocation plan has already started

Fiji archipelago counts more than 300 beautiful wild islands with a population of just under 1 million. It is located in the South Pacific, 1800 miles east of Australia and as for the rest of the Pacific, it is highly susceptible to the impact of climate change. Surface temperature and ocean heat are increasing three times faster than the global average rate. Moreover, Fiji is routinely hit by severe cyclones. For years, politicians and scientists have been talking about the project of climate migration which has already begun. To date, 42 Fijian villages have been earmarked for relocation in the next five to ten years owing to the impacts of the climate crisis. Six have already been moved. Moving a village across Fiji’s lush, mountainous terrain is an astonishingly complex task. “We keep on trying to explain this,” declared Satyendra Prasad, Fiji’s ambassador to the UN. It is not just pulling out 30 or 40 houses in a village and moving them further upfield. I wish it were that simple.” He rattled off a list of the things that need to be moved along with homes: schools, health centers, roads, electricity, water, infrastructure, and the village church. “And in case even that you were able to achieve, you have to relocate people’s burial grounds. The Standard Operating Procedures document is in the final stages of consultation and will soon go before Fiji’s cabinet for approval. “No other country, to the best of my knowledge, has progressed as far in their thinking about how to make planned relocation decisions at a national level,” says Erica Bower, an expert on planned relocations, who has worked with the UN and the Fijian government. “These are questions that so many governments around the world are going to be asking in the next 10 years, 20 years, 50 years.”

READ MORE
14.11.2022
THEME: POLITICS

Biden-Xi met in Bali: did China-US relationship improve?

Ahead of the G20, to be held on 15-16 November, US president Joe Biden and Chinese President Xi Jinping discussed for more than three hours in Bali, the city hosting the 2022 G20 summit. Their meeting was much waited over as it sets, in large part, the expectations for the upcoming discussions between the G20 nations. The meeting started with a mutually genuine cordiality. It was their first in-person encounter since Biden took office and an opportunity that both sides appeared to hope would lead to an improvement in rapidly deteriorating relations. Xi said during the meeting that the current situation of China-US relations does not conform to the interests of the two countries and their peoples, nor does it conform to the expectations of the international community and that politicians should think about both their own country's development path and how to get along with other countries and the world. Biden said at a news conference that he does “not believe there’s a need for concern of a new Cold War.” He described Xi as not overly confrontational but instead “the way he’s always been: direct and straightforward.” Still, the US president was frank that he and Xi came nowhere near resolving the litany of issues that have helped drive the US-China relationship to its lowest point in decades. Biden raised concerns about human rights and China’s provocations around Taiwan. Xi stated that Taiwan is the “first red line” that “must not be crossed” in China-US relations, according to a Chinese foreign ministry readout. Referring to the “Taiwan question” as the “very core of China’s core interests” and “the bedrock of the political foundation” of China-US relations, Xi stated that peace and stability across the Taiwan strait and “Taiwan independence” is “as irreconcilable as water and fire.” China’s ruling Communist Party has long claimed the self-ruled democracy of 24 million as an inseparable part of its territory, despite having never ruled over it, and has pledged to take it back – by force if necessary. In the meeting, Xi stated that basic norms of international relations and the three Sino-US joint communique – which touch on the Taiwan issue – are the “most important guardrail and safety net” for bilateral relations and are “vitally important” for the two sides to “manage differences and disagreements and prevent confrontation and conflict.” Xi also defended China’s human rights records and governance system, saying that China has a “Chinese-style democracy” that fits its national conditions, according to the readout. He acknowledged the differences between China and the US, but stressed that they should not become “an obstacle to growing China-US relations.” “The Chinese nation has the proud tradition of standing up for itself. Suppression and containment will only strengthen the will and boost the morale of the Chinese people,” the readout said. But they found at least one area of apparent agreement – that nuclear weapons cannot be used in Ukraine, where that nation is trying to fight off a Russian invasion. “President Biden and President Xi reiterated their agreement that a nuclear war should never be fought and can never be won,” a White House readout said, referring to the threat of nuclear weapons use in Ukraine. Biden did underscore areas of potential cooperation with Xi, including on climate change, in talks that stretched past their expected time at a luxury hotel in Bali. And he sought to convince Xi that a nuclear-armed North Korea was not in China’s interests – particularly because further nuclear or long-range missile tests by Pyongyang could prompt Biden to scale up American military presence in the region. “It’s difficult to determine whether or not China has the capacity” to convince Kim Jong Un to back off his tests, Biden said. “I’m confident China is not looking for North Korea to engage in further escalatory means.”

READ MORE
13.11.2022
THEME: WORLD

ASEAN Summit 2022 hosts the world's leaders in Cambodia for the first time after the pandemic

The ASEAN Summit is a meeting held by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) about the economic, political, security, and socio-cultural development of Southeast Asian countries. Current members are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam. The ASEAN summit serves as a regional and international conference, with world leaders attending its related summits and meetings to discuss various problems and global issues, strengthen cooperation, and make decisions. This year's summit is one of the first international in-person summits after the Covid-19 pandemic period. Held in Phnom Penh, it anticipates by a few days the G20 (to happen in Bali). The chair nation this year was Cambodia, a long-term ally of China on the international scene. Since 2020 Cambodia agreed on free trade with China and now acts as an entry point for the evolving China-ASEAN relationship. For China, ASEAN represents the first economic partner and vice versa. Despite a flourishing economical relationship, some territorial issues with a few ASEAN countries remain over regions adjacent to the South China Sea. US president Joe Biden was also present at the meeting and set up meetings with many leaders to pitch his country as a better partner, intending to quench the growing Chinese presence in the area. Similarly, leaders from Australia, Japan, and South Korea attended the meeting to strengthen relationships. Another relevant international player, Russia, sent Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov who had four meetings with leaders from Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, and Viet Nam. In a plenary speech, he blamed the US and NATO for ramping up activity in South East Pacific to destabilize the region. The US and Russian delegations did not reach a joint statement, confirming divergence between the two countries a few days ahead of the G20 meeting. Official statements by ASEAN members reaffirmed that Myanmar remains an integral part of the alliance, despite the internal issues and the military in control of the country. They also accepted in principle to admit Timor-Leste to be the 11th member of ASEAN and granted an observer status to Timor Leste allowing its participation in all Meetings including at the Summit plenaries. Overall, ASEAN countries are trying to build a bloc, but they appear rather scattered when it comes to relevant international relations. This mutual respect may also be aimed to avoid additional conflicts in the area.

READ MORE
12.11.2022
THEME: TECHNOLOGY

Nine paralyzed patients regain motor functions after electrical stimulation

A new study led by Prof. Courtine and Dr. Jocelyne Bloch demonstrates which neurons, if activated and remodeled by electrical stimulation, allow chronic patients paralyzed by spinal injuries to stand up, walk and rebuild their muscles. The study was published on November 9 in Nature, involving scientists at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), the University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), and the State University in Lausanne (UNIL), Switzerland. In a multi-year research program patients paralyzed by a spinal cord injury and undergoing electrical stimulation of the area that controls leg movement were able to regain some motor function. The improved motor function was shown in nine patients to last after the electrical stimulation was turned off. This suggested that the nerve fibers used for walking had reorganized. To achieve this result, the scientists relied on the understanding of how neuronal reorganization occurs. The researchers first studied the mechanisms in mice, discovering a surprising property in a family of neurons expressing a specific gene (the Vsx2 gene): while these neurons aren’t necessary for walking, they are essential for the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury. “It is essential for neuroscientists to understand the specific role that each neuronal subpopulation plays in a complex activity like walking,” says Jocelyne Bloch. “Our new study, in which nine clinical-trial patients were able to recover some degree of motor function thanks to our implants, is giving us valuable insight into the reorganization process for spinal cord neurons.” This advancement, demonstrated in nine subjects, marks a fundamental clinical breakthrough toward the improvement of the quality of life for paralyzed patients. Hopefully, healing the paralytics may become one of the many miracles of science in a not too far future.

READ MORE
10.11.2022
THEME: ENVIRONMENT

A giant oasis is being constructed in the middle of an acute water crisis in Egypt

Negotiators from nearly 200 countries will prod each other at COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt) to raise their clean energy ambitions until November 18. Universal access to clean water is a top priority at the meeting since water scarcity has become a critical concern for many developing countries including Egypt. Despite water poverty, on the outskirts of Cairo, the Egyptian government is building a giant belt of lakes and parks deep in the desert called “Green Rivers”. Also referred to as Capital Park, Green Rivers is set to be a river-like series of large-scale urban parks. When finished, it should span over 35 kilometers and cover a total area of 6,200 acres making it six times the size of Central Park in New York City. The artificial body of water is meant to mimic the Nile and become a key piece of the New Capital project, a large-scale project of a new capital city in Cairo. The giant system of lakes, canals, and gardens connecting the New Capital’s different neighborhoods is designed to be 35 kilometers long and encompass what Egypt says will be the largest park in the world. Costs for the first phase were estimated at $500 million, state media reported in 2019. The project also includes two giant manmade lakes, the first of which has been built, according to state media. The video shown off five years ago by Egypt’s prime minister depicts lush riverbanks dotted with trees and occupying vast landscapes of greenery – even though the site is in the middle of a desert, with no natural sources of water nearby. Just how the government plans to source vast amounts of water for the project is still unclear. The park is being constructed in the middle of a worsening climate crisis where water scarcity is one of the main issues. In May, the Minister of Local Development announced that the country had entered a stage of “water poverty” according to UN standards. The UN doesn’t have a metric for “water poverty,” but by its definition, a country is considered water scarce when annual supplies drop below 1,000 cubic meters per capita. Egypt needs an estimated 114 billion cubic meters of water per year. Furthermore, as record high temperatures have been registered around the globe, Egypt may also face heatwaves in the next future which would make things even more challenging. This said, the world certainly looks forward to seeing Egypt’s New Capital in all its splendor.

READ MORE
09.11.2022
THEME: POLITICS

2022 US midterms: control of House of Representatives and Senate hangs in balance

The US midterm elections of 2022 are arguably the most discussed and awaited. They come at a historical time for America and the world. The US economy is indeed facing high inflation, while tensions are high with Russia over the Ukraine crisis and China over Taiwan. Furthermore, internal politics is in turmoil due to a succession of facts involving former president Donald Trump. On January 6, 2021, following then–U.S. President Donald Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, a mob of his supporters attacked the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. They sought to keep Trump in power by preventing a joint session of Congress from counting the electoral college votes to formalize the victory of President-elect Joe Biden. An ongoing investigation is now assessing the possibility that this was premeditated by Trump with the intent to overturn the election results. After Biden is elected president, however, other events occurred that put Trump under scrutiny. After a long procedure involving the National Archives and the FBI, on August 8 2022 the FBI executed a search warrant at Trump's Florida property, uncovering 13 boxes or containers with documents marked classified. Trump, in a post online, says the records were "all declassified" and placed in "secure storage." A day later, Trump, who continues to hint at a possible 2024 run for the presidency, cites the FBI search in a campaign fundraising appeal. A legal process is now ongoing to assess the penal responsibilities of ex-president Trump, who has been pushing the electoral campaigns for the Republicans. After the vote on November 8 Republicans are favored to win the House of Representatives, but the fight for the Senate is on a knife edge. Although President Joe Biden is not on the ballot, the midterms will shape the fate of his agenda. If Democrats lose control of either the House or the Senate their decisional power will be more limited than in the last two years. Until now, president Joe Biden could count on a strong majority in the House while the Senate, in parity, was to be considered a majority since Vice President Kamala Harris holds the casting vote power. Despite the results having been beyond the expectations of the Democrats, which feared a “red wave” in favor of the Republicans, it remains true that they will not have a strong majority in either of the two chambers, therefore ensuring hardships ahead for current president Joe Biden.

READ MORE

PAST MONTH

month -1

HOMEPAGE

go_today

NEXT MONTH

month +1