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09/10/2022 ---- 15/10/2022

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15.10.2022
THEME: TECHNOLOGY

Neurons cultured on silicon arrays and exposed to electrical feedback learned to play game Pong

The neurons are the cells responsible for receiving input from the external world and for sending motor commands to muscles. In a recent study published by a team of scientists from Monash University, Melbourne (Australia) and UC London (UK) 800’000 neurons cultured on silicon in a petri dish have learned to play the arcade 1970’s arcade game pong. Through silicon chips and arrayed electrodes, the scientists have connected humans and murine neurons to a computer where they were made aware when the paddle was making contact with the ball. It has been monitored the activity and responses of the neurons and plotted the results as spikes on a grid with spikes getting stronger the more a neuron moves a paddle and hit the ball. The results published in the journal Neuron demonstrated that neurons can adapt the activity to a changing environment in real-time. These findings pave the way to a better understanding of how intelligence arises, which would help to develop new algorithms for machine learning. Harnessing the computational power of living neurons to create synthetic biological intelligence (SBI), previously confined to the realm of science fiction, may now be within reach of human innovation.

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13.10.2022
THEME: TECHNOLOGY

NASA’s DART mission is a success: the first step towards planetary asteroid defense

The DART project (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) is a NASA mission designed to measure how much a spacecraft can deflect an asteroid through an impact with a spacecraft. The mission started on 24 November 2021 with the launch of a spatial probe that crushed intentionally on 26 September 2022 into Dimorphos, a minor moon of the asteroid Didymos. Two days ago, on Tuesday October 11, NASA announced that Dimorphos' orbital period had shortened by 32 minutes - surpassing the "success threshold" by more than one minute. DART is the world’s first test of its kind: a step towards a defense system for our planet against potentially threatening asteroids coming from deep space. The project cost USD 330 million and took seven years to develop. The results obtained justify further efforts toward testing and improving asteroid deflection methods. However, in order to sufficiently displace a bigger asteroid representing a threat to Earth, it is necessary to act with ample margin. It would mean identifying threats months if not years in advance, which implies having a global and connected surveillance network. A planetary defense system designed to prevent a potential doomsday meteorite collision with Earth. Something possible only with full collaboration among nations, rather than a fragmented politics of nationalistic interests. Is the world ready to protect itself from asteroids?

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11.10.2022
THEME: WORLD

Russias attacks Ukraine’s energy infrastructures as western countries work to unite their front

The Ukraine crisis is reaching new levels just ten days after the annexation of 15% territory to Russia. While the Kremlin declared that the annexed territories are part of Russia forever, Ukraine president Zelenski indicated that they intend to free the whole country from the invasion, Crimea included. In the last few days, the Ukrainian army has obtained some results by gaining back small portions of the subtracted regions. In a successful operation, a crucial bridge connecting Crimea and Russia was hit and temporarily put out of order. However, the answer from Russia has been serious with more than 100 cruise missiles dropped on key objectives, including Kyiv and Leopoli. The attacks, where energy infrastructures were targeted, resulted in many deaths and blackouts throughout the country. On the international front president of Belarus Lukashenko announced a plan to deploy joint forces with Russia. The EU leaders and allied countries met in Prague on October 7 to consolidate a community of 44 countries ready to contrast Russia on all fronts. Today October 11, during an emergency meeting of the G7 nations in Berlin, the leaders committed to supporting Ukraine for "as long as it takes" while promising to continue to provide financial, humanitarian, military, diplomatic, and legal support. Further, an air shield will be implemented to neutralize the Russian missiles and drones. More sanctions against Russia have also been planned. All this is happening in a tense diplomatic climate. While Russian officials have recently threatened the use of tactical nuclear weapons, US president Joe Biden said that “we have not faced the prospect of Armageddon since Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis”.

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10.10.2022
THEME: WORLD

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2022 goes to the analysis of banks role during financial crisis

Ben Bernanke (USA, 68), Douglas Diamond (DK, 68), and Philip Dybvig (USA, 67) are the winners of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2022, awarded “for research on banks and financial crises”. Their research shed light on the significant role of banks in the economy, particularly during financial crises. An important finding in their research is why avoiding bank collapses is vital to avoid escalating consequences during crises. They have analyzed in detail the weakness of banks when rumors of imminent collapse spread: If a large number of savers simultaneously run to the bank to withdraw their money, the rumor may become a self-fulfilling prophecy – a bank run occurs and the bank collapses. These dangerous dynamics can be prevented through the government providing deposit insurance and acting as a lender of last resort to banks. Ben Bernanke analyzed the Great Depression of the 1930s, the worst economic crisis in modern history. Among other things, he showed how bank runs were a decisive factor in the crisis becoming so deep and prolonged. When the banks collapsed, valuable information about borrowers was lost and could not be recreated quickly. Overall, their work was crucial for the implementation of the modern defense mechanisms enacted during the financial crisis.

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